History of Community Health Nursing Essay - 1474 Words

History of Community Nursing Matrix As long as people have existed, they needed to look after their health. As a result, the healthcare industry was born. Nurses were a vital part of that growing community. This paper will approach three different historical periods in the United States, discuss the nurse’s role in the community in regards to the major health issues of that period, how they partnered with the community to create new programs and finish with an intellectual discussion on how Jean Watson’s theory of Caring can be applied to the nurse’s role for each historical period. Period 1-- 1800s: In the early year of American settlement , female head of the family provided the care for sick in the family (Stanhope,†¦show more content†¦Nightingale’s idea of becoming a trained nurse became popular across the United States (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). During 1870s, the first nursing school based on Nightingale model opened in the United State s (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). Trained nurses in the United States started to work in private duty nursing or held the few positions in the hospital administrators or instructors (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). These private duty nurses only care for wealthy people and home-visiting nurses care for sick poor (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). The nurse’s role in this period was to provide preventive education of communicable diseases which will decrease illness (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). The visiting nurse did prevention campaigning through the home visit and well-baby clinics (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). They worked with physicians and provided selected treatment, kept records of vital signs (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). They also educated family members how to care for the sick member and in personal and environmental prevention measures, such as good nutrition, hygiene (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). In 1800s, industrial revolution helped to spread of diseases. The major hea lth care issues during this period were epidemics of smallpox, yellow fever, cholera, typhoid, typhus, tuberculosis, infant mortality, and inadequate housing and sanitation (Stanhope, Lancaster, 2008). The public health nurses or visiting nurses were partnership with differentShow MoreRelatedHistory of Public Health Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesThe History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse Walden University NURS 4010 Section 04, Family, Community, and Population-Based Care 10 / 21 / 2012 The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse Overview Public health, a population-centered nursing had been in existence since the late 1880s under the guise of different names. The focus of public health nursing was on sanitation, communicable diseaseRead MoreHistory Of Public Health Nursing880 Words   |  4 Pages The public health nurse has been called the leader in making improvements in the quality of health care for individuals, families, populations and communities (Stanhope Lancaster, 2014). As it has been stated nurses from around the world collaborate with one another and found that their population centered nursing share more similarities than differences (Stanhope Lancaster, 2014). Nurses who work outside of an institutional setting has been referred to as public health nurses, visiting nursesRead MoreThe History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse1136 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 1 PUBLIC HEALTH AND ROLE OF THE COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE 2 The History of Public Health and the Role of the Community/Public Health Nurse When considering the evolution of healthcare and the role of the nurse in the United States, many people might first consider this in the context of the hospital setting. While the history of acute care is an important area to consider, it is imperative that equal attention be givenRead MoreMrsa946 Words   |  4 PagesMRSA in the Community According to Mosby’s Medical, Nursing, and Allied Health Dictionary (2002), Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), is a gram positive bacterial that is normally found on the skin and in the throat, and is a life threatening staphylococcal infection that may arise within hospitals, and â€Å"is frequently responsible for abscesses, endocarditis, impetigo, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, and septicemia.† Treatment usually includes bed rest, analgesics, and an anti-microbialRead MoreComparison of Public and Community Health972 Words   |  4 PagesCOMPARISON OF PUBLIC AND COMMUNITY HEALTH Comparison of Public and Community Health University of Phoenix NUR/408 Michelle Hogsed July 7, 2014 . Comparison of Public and Community Health Public and community health work simultaneously as well as separately to protect the populations of the world. Public health focuses on the health of an entire nation and community health focuses on health and wellness of various communities. The World Health Organization (WHO) believesRead MoreThe Leadership Structure Of New Zealand Health Care System Essay1736 Words   |  7 PagesThe leadership structure of New Zealand health care system has a slight modification. Later 2008, the twenty-one District Health Boards (DOB) that act as a consumer and supporter maintained in the population liable for health to ensure services are arranged effectively and efficiently for all New Zealand. District Health Board consist of seven elected members and four delegated by the Minister of Health (MOH). It requires to select board members, but the condition is to have two representatives fromRead MoreA Pioneer in the Nursing Profession, Lillian Wald Essay717 Words   |  3 Pageswas a pione er for the nursing profession as well as an advocate for many unrecognized populations in the United States. Wald was passionate about people, especially the poor and overlooked (A+E, para.2). While working with the underprivileged she concluded that she could be doing more. During her nursing career she established many programs and reformed society in countless ways. Wald is mostly recognized for her pioneering in public health nursing, but she impacted nursing as a whole in a wayRead MorePublic Health Nursing History1148 Words   |  5 PagesVisiting home health nurses are a well-known profession and becoming more popular as time grows. The service of public health nursing was carried out on the frontier by nurses under the name of â€Å"Visiting nurse services† which were part of the late 19th century health reform out of ‘The Henry Street House’ in 1893, as discussed in the film â€Å"Nursing in America – A History of Social Reform†. They held many roles outside of nursing, those roles and missions and struggles will be discussed. The HenryRead MoreLeadership Structure Of New Zealand Health Care System Essay1723 Words   |  7 PagesLeadership structure of New Zealand health care system has a slight modification. Later 2008, the twenty-one District Health Boards (DOB) that act as a consumer and supporter maintained for the population liable for health to ensure services are arrange effectively and efficiently for all New Zealand. District Health Board consist of seven elected members and four delegated by the Minister of Health (MOH). It requires to select board members, but the condition is to have two representative from MaoriRead MoreNursing And Public Health Nursing1537 Words   |  7 PagesName three historical nursing leaders and explain how their contributions impacted community/public health nursing. When it comes to nursing, there have been and are a number of individuals that have made a difference in nursing and have made a positive impact on nursing itself. Some of these impacts are still around and used today. There were a number of nurses who made a positive impact and made a difference in the lives of others and have saved lives as well. Without these nurses, hospitals and

How a Firm Should Address Ethical Issues as They Relate to Managerial Coursework

Essays on How a Firm Should Address Ethical Issues as They Relate to Managerial Accounting Coursework The paper "How a Firm Should Address Ethical Issues as They Relate to Managerial Accounting" is a perfect example of coursework on finance and accounting. Ethics is a critical part of accounting more so managerial accounting. Various institutions form a code of conduct to set ethical behavior that they expect for accountants working in their groups. The objective of managerial accounting is to provide financial information about what happened in the past of the company. Managerial accounting supplies the correct operational information and has its focus on the future of any organization. The facts mentioned above give managerial accountants an important role in maintaining and upholding a business’s ethical culture. An overview of the work of managerial accounting indicates how much of a connection its tasks and responsibilities are with any business ethics and business ethical standards.   Monitoring functions for managerial accounting include defining standards against which efficiency, performance, and accountability can be measured. Decision-makers in companies require objective and full data when they review business operations and make critical decisions for the enterprise (Maher, Stickney Weil, 2011). Ethical standards in any organization ensure the information has its report in full to the members and without any bias; positive, or negative.The field of managerial accounting has a role and takes its role in upholding and maintaining business ethical issues seriously. The global governing body of accountants, International Federation of Accountants, has a code of ethics and code of conduct that applies to managerial accountants throughout the world. The governing body’s code outlines ethical issues and responsibilities of accountants relating to areas such as taxes. It also includes ethical questions that have guidelines that relate to integrity and objec tivity, competence, confidentiality and resolution of ethical conflicts (Maher, Stickney Weil, 2011). IFAC's moral code of conduct and standards are mandatory requirements for any managerial accounting.

Invictus by William Ernest Henley free essay sample

Latin word meaning unconquerable. The word Invites also contains victory in it. One can infer from the title that this piece of literature is about taking responsibility and control over your own destiny, or over ones self. The first stanza, the author asserts what he is surrounded by, Out of the night that covers me. The author claims his environment to be a negative and dark place. l thank whatever gods may be for my unconquerable soul, he implies the grateful he is for the gods giving him the strength to never give in to the hostile place he presides.Stanza number two assures that he will not give up. In the fell clutch of circumstances I have not winced or cried aloud, in the eye of the storm, in the heat of the moment, he has not shown any weakness. Under the bludgeoning of chance my head is bloody, but unbowed, when in the hardest part of the problem he struggles but never gives up. We will write a custom essay sample on Invictus by William Ernest Henley or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The third stanza declares that one has to stand strong. Beyond this place of wrath and tears looms but the horror of the shade, after the horrible times that have gone by, there is still more to come. And yet the menace of he years finds, and shall find me, unafraid, he is strong and shall remain strong as time goes by. Fourth stanza states that a person Is under control of his or her own fate. It matters not how strait the gate, how charged with punishments the scroll, the consequences have no Importance In this situation. l am the master of my fate; I am the captain of my soul, a person has total control of their own destiny. One can assume that the author Is writing about a personal experience Involving a big struggle.He wrote, The night that covers me, signifying that he has a great internal struggle to keep himself away from temptation. He states, My head Is bloody, but unbowed, which we can assume means that there has been problems so strong he has been beaten, but always ends with his head held up high and undefeated, victorious. The tone changes throughout the poem. The tone varies from being the underdog to finally stating coming out ahead. Starting off with a dark and gloomy feel. The poem progresses towards the feeling of power and the words Increasingly become strong and outspoken. As In the beginning the feel of being weak becomes Invincible at the ND. Definably shifting from a sad poem to a powerful poem. One can conclude that the theme of the poem Is that everyone Is responsible and has control over his or her destiny. Regardless of what happens a person Is under control of his life. Come dark storms or facing hell Itself, the human spoilt can not be broken. Invites by William Ernest Henley: what it means By Gabrielle time goes by. Fourth stanza states that a person is under control of his or her own the consequences have no importance in this situation. L am the master of my fate; I One can assume that the author is writing about a personal experience involving a internal struggle to keep himself away from temptation. He states, My head is progresses towards the feeling of power and the words increasingly become strong and outspoken. As in the beginning the feel of being weak becomes invincible at the One can conclude that the theme of the poem is that everyone is responsible and has control over his or her destiny.

Five imporant events of the 19 Essay Example For Students

Five imporant events of the 19 Essay Five Important Events of the 1960sAssassinationsDuring the 1960s the world was hit with four different assassinations of some of the leaders in the world who were out to change the way things were. Although some disagreed to the changes that they were trying to do and even threatened them, they still continued to pursue their idea of change. Ngo Dinh Diem became the first president of South Vietnam in 1956 he was a catholic who opposed Communism and sought for an independent Vietnam while it was under French power. Although he was viewed as brutal, corrupt, and prejudice against non-Catholics and Buddhists, he did however help make Vietnam an independent country from France and help prevent Communist rule over all of Vietnam. In 1933 Ngo Dinh Diem was appointed Minister of the Interior by Emperor Bao Dai, at the same time during the 1930s Ngo Dinh Diem began to disapprove of the French rule over Vietnam. He decided to leave the government and follow the many Vietnamese nationalists w ho were also against French rule. In 1950 he left Vietnam and headed for the U.S. after Vietnam had fallen under rule of Viet Minh in August of 1945, seeing Communism as a threat to his values as a Catholic and to an independent Vietnam. President Dwight D. Eisenhowers administration fearing Communist takeovers in Southeast Asia saw Ngo Dinh Diem as a Vietnamese nationalist capable of overturning Communist Viet Minh. In 1954 Viet Minh defeated the French and he won control of Northern Vietnam, thus splitting the country in half. Southern Vietnam remained under the control of Emperor Bao Dai, who was supported by the U.S. greatly. The U.S. appointed Ngo Dinh Diem as Prime Minister under Bao Dai. In 1956 elections were held in South Vietnam and Ngo Dinh Diem was elected the first president of the newly established Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). The U.S. military was sent into South Vietnam to form and train an army for the republic, thus becoming the Army of the Republic of Viet nam (ARVN). While Ngo Dinh Diem was president he forcibly moved peasants and rural villagers from their homes and put them into controlled settlements in order to suppress Communist activities. He also drafted all males from the villages into the ARVN. As a result of his acts a group called the National Liberation Front (NLF) was formed in order to overthrow his power as president. Ngo Dinh Diem was also prejudice against non-Catholics and extremely prejudice against the Buddhists, and often denied them of positions in the government. He would also give government positions to his family, such as his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu who headed up the National Police. Ngo Dinh Nhu was a gangster, and often trafficked drugs and promoted prostitution. In May 1963, Buddhists formed large demonstrations against Ngo Dinh Diem. During one of these demonstrations the National Police killed 9 people, in protest against the killings Buddhist monks set themselves on fire, and burned themselves to death. A fter the killings and after the protests of the Buddhist burnings, Ngo Dinh Diem lost his U.S. support and viewed him as an embarrassment to the U.S. also that his government was brutal and corrupt. On November 2, 1963 a group of ARVN generals took over Ngo Dinh Diem government and with the USs support, assassinated Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu. The major effect of Ngo Dinh Diems assassination was that it led North Vietnam to its victory over South Vietnam because of political confusion caused by the assassination during the Vietnam War. It also led to the expansion of the NLF, which aided the North Vietnamese in over throwing the South Vietnamese government during the Vietnam War. John Fitzgerald Kennedy was elected president in 1961 he became the youngest person ever to be elected president. Although his presidency was cut short and he only got to serve 3 years, he was one of Americas greatest presidents. During his presidency he influenced the world, young people looked up to him, brought back old traditions of the United States government, fought for the equal rights of all humans despite their racial background and the color of their skin. He also prevented a Nuclear War and possibly World War III from developing during the Cuban missile crisis. In a speak he said Let the word go forth from this time and place to friend and foe alike, that the torch has been passed to a new generation of Americansborn in this century, tempered by war, disciplined by a hard and bitter peace, proud of our ancient heritageand unwilling to witness or permit the slow undoing of those human rights to which this nation has always been committed and to which we are committed today at home and around the world. He was committed to changing this country and influencing the world to change for the better that no human rights shall be denied to anyone. Were he called for a new world of law, where the strong are just and the weak secure and the peace preserved. He realized that this was going to be a hard thing to do, and that he wouldnt be president to carryout but he still new he had to start it and he announced that too. He said All this will not be finished in the first 100 days, nor will it be finished in the first 1000 days, nor in the life of this administration, nor even perhaps in our lifetime on this planet. But let us begin. Then on November 22, 1963 tragedy struck the U.S. and the world. President Kennedy and Mrs. Kennedy were in Dallas, Texas riding in a open convertible on the way to have lunch with Texas Governor John Connally and Connallys wife who were riding with them in the convertible. Out of nowhere two shots were fired rapidly at the preside nt, he was hit in the neck, where the bullet then hit Governor Connally in the back, the second bullet hit the president directly in the head. John Kennedy was rushed to the hospital but never gained consciousness, at 1:00PM he was declared dead.On the 24th of November, John F. Kennedys body was carried through the streets of Washington D.C. as more then 1 million people watched as it passed by. At Kennedys funeral in Arlington National Cemetery hundreds of thousands of people including representatives of 92 different nations. On President Kennedys grave marker was an eternal flame, which will burn forever in memorial of him. The assassin was Lee Harvey Oswald, who worked in the warehouse where the shots had been fired from a window on the sixth floor. While he was being transferred to a different jail, Jack Ruby a nightclub owner in Dallas shot and killed Oswald. The major effect of John F. Kennedys assassination came two hours after President Kennedy was pronounced dead, Vice Pres ident Lyndon Baines Johnson was sworn in as president. Lyndon B. Johnson was said to be a masterful politician. He fought a way against poverty though out the United States. On his State of the Union address, on January 8, 1964, He said his office today, here and now, declares unconditional war on poverty in America, and I urge this Congress and all Americans to join with me in that effort. To do so he created programs to help the poor like Neighborhood Health Care Facilities. Also during his presidency Medi-care and Medi-aid were created to help the elderly and the poor. The most profound effect of John F. Kennedys assassination will never be known, for we will never know what changes might have occurred, or effects that he might have had on the world if he had never been assassinated. One effect is for sure, that no President of the United States will ever ride in a open convertible again without the fear of being attacked. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a American clergyman, Nobel Prize winner, the main leader in the civil rights movement, and a advocate of nonviolent protests. He challenged segregation and racial discrimination during the 1950s and 1960s. He also successful in convincing whites to support the civil rights cause throughout the U.S. and the world. He had excellent public-speaking abilities, were he was praised for having powerful impression on the people he was speaking too, by doing so he was able to influence the people of color to protest nonviolently against discrimination towards them. In 1954, he became pastor at a Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama, where he used his speaking skills and his intellectual influence to promote and encourage nonviolent protest against discrimination. In 1955, he was chosen as president of the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA), which directed the Montgomery bus boycott between 1955 to 1956. He was able to make a positive impression on whites ou tside the south, by not fighting back when attacked while protesting. In February of 1956, he was able to get the federal court to rule that city buses must be desegregated. In 1957 he founded the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), an organization of black churches and ministers that sought to stop racial segregation. The SCLC encouraged the use of nonviolent protests directly against discrimination, such as marches, demonstrations, and boycotts. By doing so he provoked some whites to act out violently against the protesters, which lead to the federal government to confront the discrimination and racism. King was able to make connections with radical activists such as the American Communist Party, who gave him advice and supplied him with money to fund protests. He also met with white Protestant leaders and other white public figures to help him in stopping discrimination. On August 28, 1963, He delivered a speech in Washington D.C. during a massive protest of more tha n 200,000 supporters. The speech he gave will be remembered forever, the I Have a Dream speech. During the speech he was noted for these statements, I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. As a result of his speech a political momentum was created, and soon following was the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act prohibited segregation in public accommodations, and discrimination in education and employment. Kings speeches against discrimination and teachings of nonviolence protests, won him a Nobel Prize for peace in 1964. Later in 1965, king and the SCLC marched from Selma, Alabama to the capital of Alabama, Montgomery more then 50 miles away to join a voting-rights protest. 300 people made the whole trip taking 5 days to complete and when they arrived in Montgomery they were joined by 20,000 people in front of the capital building were King led the protest. Later President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which banned the use of voter qualification tests that were used often to prevent blacks from registering to vote. King later focused on discrimination in housing and employment in the cities, and moved his headquarters to Chicago. Then in 1967 he started to protest for a redistribution of the nations wealth to help solve the problem of black poverty. On April 4, 1968 in Memphis, Tennessee, while he was supporting garbage workers on strike, he was shot and killed by a sniper, James Earl Ray. The effects of the assassination were felt almost immediately shock and anger swept the U.S. and the world, riots broke out in hundreds of U.S. cities in the days after his death. King has become to represent black courage and achievement, speaking skills, leadership skills, and the ability to influence others to change. Several memorials have be built for him including Martin Luther King, Jr., Center for Social Justice, a research institute located in Atlanta another memorial in Atlanta is Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historic Site, where his birthplace, the Ebenezer Church, and the King Center, where his tomb is located. Then in 1983 Congress dedicated a National Holiday in his honor on the third Monday of January. Robert Francis Kennedy was a great U.S. political leader and Senator, were he was extremely concerned with the problems of urban ghettos and of the poor and disadvantaged.He attended Harvard and received his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948, and was later awarded a LL.B. degree from the University of Virginia in 1951. Later in 1951 he was made an attorney in the U.S. Department of Justice. In 1952 he helped manage his brother John F. Kennedys senatorial campaign. After John F. Kennedy was elected president, Robert was appointed U.S. attorney general, while in office he fought on the enforcement of civil rights laws. He later resigned in 1964, and later that year he was elected U.S. senator from New York. As senator he continued to fight for civil rights, and work on the problems in the ghettos and with the poor. During the spring of 1968 he was campaigning for the Democratic Party nomination. In June of 1968, he had won major primaries in Indiana, Nebraska, and California. While leavi ng a celebration in Los Angeles on June 5, 1968 after the California primary was assured that he would win, he was shot. The next day on June 6, 1968 he died after being shot by Jerusalem-born Jordanian Sirhan Bishara Sirhan. His gravesite is in Arlington National Cemetery near John F. Kennedys gravesite. If Robert F. Kennedy was never shot, he may have become president, and bought new changes to the U.S., for he is known for saying in one of his speeches Some men see things as they are and say why? I dream things that never were and say why not?Advancement in Science and TechnologyOne of the biggest achievements in science and technology was the invention of the laser. The idea of the laser and how it would work was first invented by Albert Einstein in 1917. The first laser was outlined by the American physicists Arthur Leonard Schawlow and Charles Hard Townes that were patented in 1958. But a working laser was never seen until 1960 when the American physicist Theodore Maiman obser ved the first laser in action. Then in 1961 a helium-neon gas laser was built by the American physicist Ali Javan. Later in 1966 a liquid laser was constructed by the American physicist Peter Sorokin. In industry lasers are being used on all types of different things ranging from cutting to monitoring earth movements. Powerful laser beams can be focused on a very small spot, where the laser can be used to heat, melt, cut, or vaporize material with very precise accuracy. For example lasers are used to drill holes in diamonds, shape machine tools, cut microelectronics, and create semiconductor chips. Lasers are also being used in an attempt to create controlled nuclear fusion. The short laser pulses allow for high-speed photography, and laser beams are also being used for accurate alignment on construction sites. Lasers are being used to study the movement of the earth to study earthquakes and are also very effective detectors of air pollution. Also lasers have been used to determine the distance between the earth and the moon and other planets too. Genetic Diversity In Agriculture EssayThe space race wasnt just about manned space flights and rockets sent into space to collect information, it was also about a race to gain power over communication worldwide, military reconnaissance, and advanced weather. On August 12, 1960 Echo 1 was designed and launched by Bell Laboratories and NASA, it was a 100 foot wide balloon, made of plastic and covered with aluminum. It was used only when it was in the right position over earth that it could be used to send radio messages to another location. In 1962 Telstar 1 was launched by Bell Telephone and ATT as a communications satellite. Telstar was a 3 foot-diameter ball, that had solar cells which provided power to the satellite. It was capable of picking up radio signals like television broadcasts and telephone calls. On earth receivers would pick up the radio signals, and would then amplify them to be heard or seen. In 1963 the first commercial based satellite communications company was for med the Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) in 1963. When the International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) was formed in 1964, COMSAT became the U.S. member. Based in Washington, D.C., INTELSAT is owned by more than 120 nations. Intelsat 1 was launched in 1965 provides either 2400 voice circuits or one two-way television channel between the U.S. and Europe. Also for military usage, the military has satellites, which they use for private communication and early weather detection. The idea of using outer space for military reconnaissance was discovered during the flight of Faith 7 launched on May 15, 1963 when Maj. Leroy Gordon Cooper said that while orbiting the earth he could see ships, roads, and smoking chimneys. When the Discoverer satellites were launched and sent over the Soviet Union it took high quality pictures of the country. In 1966 satellites were launched that could stay in orbit for weeks at a time and did have to be recovered to get the data collected, it was beamed back down to earth instead. The satellites had high-resolution cameras and infrared detectors. As technology and equipment has improved spying from space has become less expensive and recovered better information. Satellites are also being used to detect submerged submarines that would usually be unseen on earth. Satellites can be used for missile detection as well as military reconnaissance. In 1960 the Midas satellites were launched, these satellites were capable of detecting heat by using infrared detectors. In 1968 Ballistic Missile Early Warning System (BMEW) satellites were launched by the U.S., to detect the launching of ballistic weapons so that the target of the missile can be given early warning. The first Antimissile satellites were launched in the early part of the 1960s. The RCA SAINT was built to inspect targets and if needed destroy them. Weather Satellites are used to give a accurate weather forecast for the up and coming days. On April 1, 1960, The U.S. and RCA launched the first weather satellite Tiros 1. Tiros 1 had two cameras, one for wide shots and the other for close up shots. When Tiros 1 would pass over the receiver the pictures would be sent down to the receiver on earth where the pictures could be analyzed to predict the weather. Later models of Tiros were launched that had better cameras and even infrared cameras too. Now because of weather satellites early detection of hurricanes and sever storms can give people time to prepare before the storm hits. Vietnam War; The MiddleThe middle of the Vietnam War began with the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in 1964. After President John F. Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, Lyndon B. Johnson was appointed president. Johnson felt that he had to take a forceful stand on Vietnam so that other Communist countries wouldnt think that the U.S. was weak. He thought to win the war the U.S. needed to scary the North Vietnam leaders with the possibility of a full-scale U.S. military attack. In 1964 Johnson ordered top-secret commando raids against bridges, railways, and coastal bases. He also ordered the U.S. Navy to conduct surveillance missions along the North Vietnams coast. He increased secret bombing of the Ho Chi Minh Trail, which was a path, which became a road that ran around the front line between North and South Vietnam. On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese gunboats fired on the U.S. destroyer USS Maddox, which had left the Gulf of Tonkin which was international waters and entered No rth Vietnams territory. Johnson in turn ordered more ships into the gulf. Once again on August 4, 1964, the USS Turner Joy was fired uponed by North Vietnamese patrol boats. Johnson replied again by ordering the first air strikes on North Vietnamese territory. Then the U.S. Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which gave war-making powers to Johnson until peace and security had returned to Vietnam. After the resolution was passed Johnson increased the bombing on North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese then launched their troops, the Peoples Army of Vietnam (PAVN) into South Vietnam along with the National Liberation Front (NLF) also launching attacks against South Vietnam. Between February 7th to February 10th of 1965 the NLF launched surprise attacks on the U.S. air bases at Pleiku, killing 8, wounding 126 and Qui Nhon, killing 23, wounding 21. Johnson retaliated by bombing Hanoi while Soviet premier Aleksey Kosygin was visiting.The U.S. then declared a full-scale air war aga inst the North Vietnamese to try to weaken the PAVN and the NLF, the bombing didnt however do so. Johnson also asked that U.S. ground troops be sent into Vietnam to protect airbases saying that the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) didnt have the ability to defend the bases alone. On March 8, 1965, 3500 U.S. Marines were sent in, in April 56,000 more troops were sent in, then by the end of June there were more then 74,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam. The U.S. planned a strategy that would wear down the North Vietnamese by inflicting high death tolls. By the end of 1965, more then 80,000 U.S. troops were in Vietnam. The North Vietnamese meanwhile were building up bases in the Central Highlands in South Vietnam, wanting to gain a strategic position. Also sending their troops along the Ho Chi Minh Trail that went through Laos and Cambodia skipping over the border of North and South Vietnam. The NLF and PAVN had poor weaponry so they avoided open combat, instead they did hit and run tac tics, which they designed to wear down the support of the war in the United States. In October 1965 one of the largest battles of the Vietnam War was fought in the La Drang Valley, where the U.S. defeated the North Vietnamese forces. After the battle the NLF and PAVN changed their fight tactics. Instead they would fight when they choose too, and when they did they would hit hard and fast and then retreat quickly to avoid U.S. firepower. The U.S. after the battle increased its search-and-destroy missions just northeast of Saigon. In 1966 the U.S. bombed and destroyed more than 70% of the North Vietnams fuel reserves but still the North Vietnamese strength remained strong. By 1967 both the ground war and the air war had reached a stalemate, neither side was winning the war. In 1967 North Vietnam (PAVN) and the NLF decided the time had come to mount an all-out offensive aimed at inflicting serious losses on both the ARVN and U.S. forces. They planned the Tet Offensive with the hope that this would effect the thinking of the war in the United States. In December 1967 North Vietnamese troops attacked and surrounded a U.S. Marine base at Khe Sanh, and continually attacked it. The U.S. ordered that the base be held no matter what. To keep the North Vietnamese from taking the base about 50,000 U.S. troops were sent into the area, thus weakening positions further south. With so many American troops in one spot, the PAVN and NLF could attack anywhere else without much trouble. The main attack of the Tet Offensive then began on January 31, 1968, during the Tet holiday. Most ARVN troops had gone home on leave, and U.S. troops were on stand-down in many areas. Over 85,000 NLF soldiers simultaneously attacked almost every major city and capital across South Vietnam , defeating their defenders. The U.S. Embassy in Saigon was taken over by the NLF, and held for eight hours before U.S. forces could retake the complex. On March 16th U.S. troops in My Lai on a search and destroy mission kill more then 500 unarmed men, women and children. The U.S. Department of Defense estimated that a total of 45,000 North Vietnamese and NLF were killed during the Tet Offensive. After the Tet Offensive the majority of Americans wanted to end the war. In 1968 Lyndon Johnson announced that he had decided not to seek reelection, and Richard Nixon was elected president. By January 1969, 30,000 U.S. troops had been killed in the war. Nixon announced that he had a plan to end the war and in July of 1969, he withdrew 25,000 U.S. troops from Vietnam and lowered the draft rate. He also increased a CIA operation that assassinated NLF guerrillas, which resulted in 20,000 assassinations. He also increased funding for the ARVN and increased the bombing on Northern Vietnam. Nixo n said that the reason was to keep the Communist under attack while U.S. were withdrawn. In March of 1969, Nixon ordered the bombing of Cambodia in the intention to wipe out North Vietnamese and NLF bases along the South Vietnam border and to give the ARVN time to build up its forces. The bombing failed in its objectives, but as a result more then 100,000 innocent peasants were killed and 2 million were left homeless. Also continuing since 1964 the bombing of Laos continued targeting North Vietnamese forces that were traveling along the Ho Chi Minh Trail. It is Estimated that about 150,000 tons of bombs were dropped over Laos between 1964 to 1969, and about 750,000 people were killed. As a result of the middle of the Vietnam War 58,000 were killed, 300,000 were wounded, Vietnam veterans suffered from Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, including anxiety and depression, and more then 130 billion dollars were spent directly on the war. The U.S. suffered raised taxes and serious inflation due to the high costs of the war. Hundreds of protests against the war were held, many of these protests ending in violence. Also the Vietnam War created a debate about the right of the U.S. to interfere in the affairs of other nations.

What Leadership means to me and a time when I was affected by good leadership free essay sample

â€Å"If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader.† Those words were spoken by the sixth president of the United States of America, John Quincy Adams. He almost perfectly describes leadership. A leader does not have to be rich, smart, or elegant; a leader is someone who inspires. I believe the reason people, like John Quincy Adams, become great leaders is because they were inspired by something. They see a need for change, and they have an idea of how to get there. Leadership to me is when someone does not even know they are the leader, yet they inspire many. Last September, I got a new job at Marshalls. I felt a little nervous and lost my first few days, but then I met Theresa. Theresa moved to the United States from Poland in the early 1990’s and she has been working at Marshalls for thirteen years, the longest anyone else at Marshalls in Delafield has. We will write a custom essay sample on What Leadership means to me and a time when I was affected by good leadership or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was immediately drawn to Theresa because she is exactly what I think of when I think of leadership. She is innovative, fun, and has excellent work ethic. She coordinates the front line and when Theresa is there, everything gets done. Everyone listens to her and everyone loves her. Though her accent was a little difficult to understand at first, I always go to her for help. She unknowingly inspires me to be a better person. I say unknowingly because she is not trying to be a leader that is just her personality. I was uncertain I made the right decision switching jobs, but if I had not I never would have met Theresa and that would have been a terrible loss.

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations

Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Free Online Research Papers Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations The Federal Reserve Board uses tools to control the money supply in the United States, which are open-market operations, the reserve ratio, and the discount rate. These tools influence the money supply and affect macroeconomic factors, which I will discuss in detail. I will also explain how money is created in a macroeconomic system, and recommend monetary policy combinations to best achieve a balance between economic growth, low inflation, and a reasonable rate of unemployment. Feds Tools of Monetary Control The Fed has three tools that are used for monetary control in altering the reserves of commercial banks. The money supply is the total amount of currency plus deposits held by the public. These tools can alter economic growth, change the rate of inflation, the level of employment, and adjust the exchange rate, by expansionary or contractionary monetary policy. Open-Market Operations The amount of money circulating in the economy can be adjusted through open-market operations, specifically with selling and purchasing of U.S. Treasury and federal agency securities bonds in the bond market. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) will decide on a short-term objective for open market operations. This objective can be a chosen quantity of reserves, or a desired price (federal funds rate). The federal funds rate is the interest rate at which commercial banks lend balances at the Federal Reserve to other depository institutions overnight. †If the Fed believes that the economy is overheating (if the supply of money is outpacing production of goods), it will raise interest rates and bring money supply down to what it perceives to be the â€Å"equilibrium† level. With the same thought, if the Fed believes economic growth is outpacing money supply (causing deflation/less inflation), it will reduce interest rates. When interest rates are lower, it’s che aper for individuals to take out loans to start new businesses or buy goods and services. This also discourages them from keeping their money in a bank account, because they would make less interest† (NematNejad, 2007). The open-market operation is considered the most common tool used by the Fed, because bonds are bought and sold every week day in New York City. The Reserve Ratio The Fed has control over the reserve ratio, which determines the lending ability of commercial banks. The reserve ratio stipulates how much a bank is required to keep in reserves relative to what is in deposits. If a bank has a reserve ratio of 15%, the required reserve on $10 million in deposits is $1.5 million. The required reserve ratio is dictated to be certain banks do run out of cash on hand to meet the demand for withdrawals. The money not required in be on hand is then loaned out to customers, which in turn, increases the money supply. The Discount Rate The Federal Reserve Bank is a lender of money to commercial banks. When commercial banks borrow from the district central bank with a promissory note, the interest charged is referred to as the discount rate. The borrowed money will then increase the commercial bank’s reserve, which increases their lending ability. The discount rate is determined by the Fed, and this will be the cost of attaining the reserves. If the Fed were to lower the discount rate, more commercial banks would be inclined to borrow to obtain additional reserves, which would lead to more money in the economy. The same works in reverse for decreasing the money supply. Creation of Money Using the tools previously identified, the Fed can increase the supply of money, in other words, create money. During a period of expansionary monetary policy, decreasing the reserve ratio will result in more money commercial banks are able to lend to customers. By lowering the discount rate, the Federal Reserve Bank will lend more money to commercial banks. With commercial banks increasing reserves, the amount available for lending increases, which results in increases in the money supply. The open-market operation of buying and selling of government bonds is the most commonly used tool the Federal Reserve Bank uses to create money. If the economy is showing signs of recession and unemployment, the Fed will buy securities to increase commercial bank reserves. By increasing the commercial bank reserves, as previously discussed, the lending of the reserves will result in the creation of money. The goals of reaching low inflation, economic growth and a reasonable rate of inflation may sometimes conflict with one another. â€Å"One kind of conflict involves deciding which goal should take precedence at any point in time. For example, suppose theres a recession and the Fed works to prevent employment losses from being too severe; this short-run success could turn into a long-run problem if monetary policy remains expansionary too long, because that could trigger inflationary pressures. So its important for the Fed to find the balance between its short-run goal of stabilization and its longer-run goal of maintaining low inflation† (Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, 2004). Recommended Monetary Policy Monetary policy has become the policy of choice when determining the levels of the money supply. The advantages over fiscal policy are the speed and flexibility, and the isolation from political pressure (McConnell and Brue, 2004). Using the open-market operation, the Fed can purchase or sell government securities daily to affect the money supply and interest rates without much delay. Working in combination with reserve requirements, and discount rates, the Federal Reserve Bank can manipulate the application of monetary policy to achieve a balance between economic growth, low inflation, and a reasonable rate of inflation. The easy money policy was applied to the recession of 1990. The decision to increase the supply of money increased the aggregate demand which resulted in the use of inactive resources. The decision to increase the money supply may have an adverse effect on the economy; excessive spending. Overactive spending may lead to an inflationary economy, which is remedied by selling securities, increasing the required reserve ratio, and raising the discount rate offered to commercial banks. The policy incorporating these actions is called a tight money policy. The reason for a tight money policy is to decrease spending and control inflation. To achieve an environment of a stable economy, finding the balance between easy and tight money policies is crucial. A quote from Milton Friedman (1968) states The first and most important lesson that history teaches about what monetary policy can do and it is a lesson of the most profound importance is that monetary policy can prevent money itself from being a major source of economic disturbance. Managerial Decision Making In the University of Phoenix simulation (2008), scenarios are presented to students regarding monetary policy. The student is allowed to make decisions which affect the Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, and unemployment levels. In the first scenario, global developments have caused the economy to sag, and industrial production to slow. Although inflation looks to be under control, the Real GDP is falling, and unemployment is on the rise. The solution to this scenario can be a combination of increasing the Discount Rate (DR) Federal Funds Rate (FFR) percentage spread, raising the reserve ratio slightly, and selling approximately $750 million in government securities. The results of my choices were almost a 1% increase in the Real GDP, a tenth of a percent rise in inflation, and a 0.8% drop in unemployment. By selling securities, the supply of money goes up, along with inflation. The unemployment rate does the opposite of Real GDP. If investment and spending rises, demand rises, therefore, increasing the opportunities in the workforce. Unemployment will decrease with the rise of the Real GDP. Ideas from the simulation on how to use monetary policy tools of discount rate, reserve ratio, and open-market operations helps me understand how the supply of money is controlled. Conclusion The three tools of monetary policy include the open-market operations, the required reserve ratio, and the discount rate. Together, these tools will be applied to either expansionary or contractionary policy during times of recession or growth. The policies will influence those who can create money. As the Fed lowers the required reserve ratio, banks have more flexibility when lending money. Lowering the discount rate allows commercial banks to borrow more from the Federal Reserve Bank, which also increases the availability of money for lending. But the most commonly used tool is the open-market operation, where the government sells and buys securities to increase commercial bank reserves. The tool is used every day of the week. Monetary policy is the policy of choice, with its speed and flexibility, and separation from political pressure. The Fed can act quickly to respond to inflation, unemployment, and economic growth. References Brue, S.L., McConnell, C.R. (2004). Economics: Principles, Problems and Policies, 16e. The McGraw-Hill Companies Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. (2004). About the fed. Retrieved February 1, 2008, from frbsf.org/publications/federalreserve/monetary/goals.html Friedman, Milton, The Role of Monetary Policy, American Economic Review, 1968: p.12. NematNejad, A. (2007). Best way to invest. Monetary policy. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from bestwaytoinvest.com/monetary-policy. University of Phoenix, (2008). Economics for managerial decision making [Computer Software]. Retrieved February 2, 2008, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, Simulation, MBA501-Forces Influencing Business in the 21st Century Web site. Research Papers on Macroeconomic Impact on Business OperationsTwilight of the UAWIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic EngineeringBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfResearch Process Part One Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Free Online Research Papers Macroeconomic Impact on Business Operations Monetary policy is a strategy that is used by the federal government to influence the economy. Having monetary authority allows the government to control the supply and availability of money (Federal Reserve, 2009). Along with the monetary policy, political objectives have a strong influence on the economy and its growth. The main goal of our government is to implement â€Å"macroeconomic stability†, which includes low unemployment, low inflation, and steady economic growth (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). This paper will discuss how money is created, and how factors such as GDP, economic growth, inflation, and unemployment are affect by the monetary policy. Money creation is a tool that is used to produce or issue money. The process of money creation takes place in three ways. The first step is by manufacturing and distributing paper currency or metal coins. Second, money is distributed through debt, lending, and government policies. The regulation, production, and the redemption of money are regulated through the Federal Reserve (Federal Reserve, 2009). The Federal Reserve determines the operation of financial markets and the purchasing power of money throughout the U.S. economy. Within the Federal Reserve is the regional bank, which in turn measures the money supply. These regional banks within the Federal Reserve are private banks that control the issuance of â€Å"debt-backed† money to the government (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). The Federal Reserve is responsible for implementing monetary policies that help regulate the economy. The Federal Reserve conduct’s the nation’s policy by influencing monetary and credit policies. They also supervise and regulate the banks in order to ensure the consistency and safety of the nation’s financial system. Lastly, the Federal Reserve provides financial services to depository institutions, and foreign official institutions. It also plays a major role in the operation of the U.S. payment system (Federal Reserve, 2009). In order to stimulate the economy, the Federal Reserve implements the federal funds, which are the reserve balances that private banks keep at their local Federal Reserve Bank. The reason for keeping money at the Federal Reserve Bank is to maintain a strategy that allows for private banks to loan money to one another. This financial market system plays a vital role within the Federal Reserve because it influences the use of monetary policy. This action in turn influences the use of monetary policy and it determines the amount of money that the private banks charge each other for the lending of those federal funds (Federal Reserve, 2009). The Federal Reserve consists of 12 Federal Reserve Banks. These 12 banks distribute banking services to depository institutions and also to the Federal government. These banks are also responsible for maintaining accounts, providing various payment services that include collecting checks, electronically transferring money, and lastly distributing and receiving currency and coin (Federal Reserve, 2009). When it comes to retail, the Federal Reserve provides a series of financial services that deal with wholesale payments. According to Ghatak Sanjers (2007), retail payments are small dollar amounts that include a depository institution’s retail clients, which consist of small and large businesses. Wholesale payments are reserved for large dollar amounts, these depository institutions are typically for large corporations. Monetary policy has a strong influence on the economy when it comes to inflation. In our economy there are two types of inflation, which are monetary inflation and price inflation. Monetary inflation deals with an increase in the money supply. Price inflation deals with the steady increases of the level prices, which in turn determines the value and purchasing power of money (Steele, 2008). If there is a fast increase in money and credit over a certain period of months, it will usually result in price inflation. According to Ghatak Sanjers (2007), when it comes to price inflation a dollar buys less and less over time. Monetary and price inflation can have a negative impact on the economy. Lenders lose money because the value of a dollar isn’t worth as much, businesses struggle with projecting future plans and, in turn lead to decrease in projects. Mortgage companies really suffer from inflation, because monetary inflation increases long-term interest rates (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). Those long-term interest rates typically leads to a decrease in consumer spending because people are less likely to make major purchases such as homes and cars, b ecause of high interest rates. The overall goal of implementing monetary policy within the U.S. economy is raising or lowering interest rates based on the demand for goods and services (Steele, 2008). Changes with interest rates affect the demand for goods and services by determining borrowing costs, the availability of loans, the income of households, and foreign exchange rates. Long term interest rates are a reflection of the financial markets expectations of what the federal government will do in the future (The Financial Pipeline, 2009). When it comes to the concern of inflation the financial markets add a risk premium to long-term rates, which in turn will make interest rates higher. If there is a decrease in interest rates, the cost of borrowing is lower, which is good for business growth. It is also good for economic growth, because it leads to an increase of supply and demand. Another result of lower rates is valuable bonds and higher stock prices. Individuals, who have stock that is valued high, are more likely to spend more, and businesses are more willing to invest. Monetary policy affects inflation by the demand to enforce labor and capital markets beyond their abilities (Federal Reserve, 2009). If the monetary policy is persistent with maintaining low short-term rates there will be an increase in interest rates, which in turn could deter spending. So in order to deal with inflation, the goal is to decrease the money supply in the economy. Reduction of excess money would lead to a decrease in aggregate demand, and would help reduce the level of price inflation (Ghatak Sanjers, 2009). Monetary policy also plays a critical role on employment and the labor market. The federal government structures the labor market through paying unemployment insurance benefits, determining the minimum wage, raising or lowering income taxes, and lastly setting the rules and guidelines for labor unions to operate. Also employment, is influenced by government investment and the infrastructure, this includes schools, roads, and parks. These places have an effect on the amount of money paid to the labor force. The government’s monetary policy has an effect on the cost and availability of money and credit through the demand for labor. When there are high levels of unemployment, the Federal government must be consistent in order to ensure the demand for money is growing fast enough (Ghatak Sanjers, 2009). One strategy for the government is to try to lower the unemployment rate by stimulating the growth of the money supply. An outcome of this strategy could possibly be a boos t in economic activity, but it doesn’t stabilize the rate for high unemployment. Even though bringing more money into the economy sounds like a legitimate reason to help a weakening economy, though it doesn’t mean it is a reasonable cure. Higher wages and prices could mean an unreasonable change in economic growth, which in turn can lead to inflation and businesses could stop hiring (Steele, 2008). By the federal government establishing the monetary policy, they are constantly looking for ways to keep the unemployment and inflation levels low. When there is a steady economy, reducing doubt in the marketplace is crucial for companies and its workers. This way more businesses and investment decisions can be made, which can lead to the hiring of more employees. Having stability allows the economy to grow and produce at high levels. Currently, the nation’s unemployment rate is at 9.8 percent. According to The Financial Pipeline (2009), many Americans have become frustrated when it comes to looking for work. In the U.S. employers cut 263,000 jobs last month and there were more than 200,000 layoffs for the month of August. Since the recession began there has been a loss of more than 7.2 million jobs. Those numbers are terribly high, and could possibly get worse. The high loss of jobs will affect consumer spending negatively. In order for the unemployment rate to improve, the industries of renewable energy, healthcare, and construction will have to experience a steady rate of growth (Ghatak Sanjers, 2009). Overall, in order to have a balance of a healthy economy and steady employment there has to be a steady pace of revenue, strong interest rates, and economic growth. The monetary policy is a reflection of the government’s ideal of regulation and trade within the economy. References Federal Reserve. (2009). Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. Retrieved from www.frbsf.org Ghatak, S., Sanjers, W. (2007). Monetary policy rules in transition economies: the impact of ambiguity. International Journal of Development Issues, 6(1), 50-55. doi:Cengage Learning Steele, D. (2008). The alliance takes on the reserve bank and its effect on jobs. Monetary Policy and Employment. Retrieved from www.jobsletter.org.nz/jbl08410.htm The Financial Pipeline. (2009). Monetary Policy. Retrieved from www.finpipe.com Research Papers on Macroeconomic Impact on Business OperationsTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasGenetic Engineering

Diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Diet - Essay Example They rapidly and furiously increase insulin and blood sugar which could spike hunger in the short term leading to overeating. In the long term, this could lead to increased risk of heart disease, diabetes and weight gain. For example, increased consumption of French fries, potato chips and potatoes, refined grains and sugary drinks causes weight gain of about 3.4, 1.3, 0.6 and 1.0 pounds over a span of four years respectively (Roth, 2011). Minimal intake of such foods reduces weight gain. Whole grains such as brown rice, barley and wheat among others get digested slowly compared to refined grains. As such, they have a gentle effect on insulin and blood sugar, helping to keep hunger at bay. This holds for a majority of fruits and vegetables. Studies by the HSPH shows that over 20 years, the studied samples subjected to this kind of diet recorded minimal weight increments of â€Å"-0.4, 0.5, and 0.2 pounds less every four years, respectively† (2013). According to Roth (2011), in creasing the intake of these foods leads to reduced intake of the other foods, thus cutting on calories. The fiber in these foods has weight control benefits because of the effect of fiber in slowing down digestion, hence curbing hunger. Additionally, fruits and vegetables have high water content helping people fill up on few calories. As such, I have been a supporter of maximal consumption of vegetables and fruits to maintain proper body weight and form. Not only has the water that fills one fast and nourishes the skin been my argument for this but also because of the belief in the many forms of vitamins in these food sources that help keep diseases away. However, Robinson (2013) calls for revision of such myths. According to this scholar, the right varieties of... This paper approves that poor diets, especially those made up of sugary drinks and refined grains, largely contribute to weight gain and promote chronic diseases. One of the major effects of poor dietary considerations is obesity. Those children in poor countries suffer from obesity due to â€Å"exposure to Westernized diets coinciding with a history of undernutritions†. The world food economy has largely contributed to a shift in dietary patterns, for instance, promoting consumption of diets rich in energy and fat, specifically the saturated fat and diets low in unrefined carbohydrates. Combining such diets with declined energy expenditure due to sedentary lifestyle – domestic labor-saving devices, motorized transport and physically undemanding leisure among others – increases the chances of one being obese. From this essay, it is clear that healthy diets play an important role in preventing chronic diseases and weight gain. It has equipped me with additional information on the importance of having a proper diet for a healthy life. The general recommended dietary requirement calls for higher proteins but lower carbohydrates intake. Contrary to my previous belief that processed foods contain lower carbohydrates, this research has made me appreciate that whole foods or minimally processed foods such as whole grains, plant oils, fruits, nuts and vegetables provide a healthier source of nutrients. They are digested slowly and thus reduce food intake. Sugared beverages, red and processed meats, potatoes and highly processed foods like fast foods should be minimized as they have a similar effect as processed grains.

Horizon international flight academy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Horizon international flight academy - Essay Example Belongingness involves family, love and friendship (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2006). The fourth stage is esteem, and Maslow denotes that human beings are in need of achievement, respect, confidences, and self esteem. The highest need in this hierarchy is self-actualization (Beck, 2004). Under this stage, man is driven by the need of growth and achieving success. It involves solving the various problems that an individual has to face in life, and being motivated (Schultz, 2013). The next motivational theory is Alderfer’s ERG theory. This theory is also referred to as the three needs theories, which are existence, relatedness, and growth (ERG). Under existence, an individual needs the basic facilities necessary to facilitate his or her survival within the community (Schultz, 2013). These basic needs are food, shelter, clothing, and even security. On this basis, Alderfer categorized the physiological and safety needs under existence (Fa?bregas and Scalise, 2012). It is important to d enote that these two aspects were categorized differently under the hierarchy of needs theory. Under relatedness, Alderfer denotes that the need to develop and maintain relationships is important. This is the second most important need that an individual needs to satisfy. ... David McClelland describes three types of motivational needs, namely; Achievement. Power. Affiliation. According to McClelland, these needs are found in every individual, and they determine the manner in which an individual interacts with others. Under achievement, an individual sets to realize the goals that he or she has set up to achieve. There is always a strong need of accomplishment, which must be followed by feedbacks. The second need is the need of power. Under this principle, an individual has the desire to have authority, and to be a decision maker. This also involves the desire for a person to increase his or her prestige and social status. The third need is the need for affiliation (Karabenick and Urdan, 2010). Under this need, an individual needs friends, and therefore there is a desire to interact and socialize with his or her peers. Another theory of motivation is the Herzberg’s Motivator-Hygiene Model. Under this theory, Herzberg denotes that there are factors that can cause job satisfaction, and there are also other factors that can cause job dissatisfaction (Lange, 2012). On this basis, when an employer is developing policies in regard to motivating his or her employees, they need to know factors that will motivate them, and factors that won’t motivate them. Herzberg further identifies the concepts of motivators, and hygiene factors. Motivators are factors that provide positive job satisfaction, while hygiene factors always provide negative job satisfaction (Lange, 2012). Finally, Adams’s Equity Theory of Motivation is an example of a theory of justice. It explains the satisfaction of an individual’s needs in terms of equity in the distribution of resources. This theory denotes that an individual who

Poetry Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Poetry Analysis - Essay Example The title of the poem is ironic as the character who is presented in the poem is not romantic but timid, alienated, dull and anti-heroic. Even though the poem can be interpreted in innumerable ways, a careful analysis of the poem helps us trace the core idea surrounded by several underlying themes (Blythe and Sweet, 1994). The narrator is expressing his disappointment with the society he is placed in. A proper interpretation of the different aspects of imagery, theme and symbolism will help readers easily assess the narrator’s views of life. Prufrock’s deems his daily life as bleak, empty and repetitive. In the beginning of the poem the poet builds a scene that explains the indifferent mood of the narrator. Narrator explains the surroundings on an evening with a tone of despair and hopelessness. In the line 6, we see that the author considers night as ‘restless’. He further comments that streets are "tedious arguments of insidious intent" (Eliot 1915). From these comments readers can understand the narrator’s annoyance about his surroundings. Regarding his and his companion ’s destination, he comments that they are "one-night cheap hotels and sawdust restaurants with oyster-shells" (Eliot 1915). Even though the narrator is not giving a long description of his dissatisfaction with the surroundings, readers smell a mood of dissatisfaction and restlessness that radiate from the life of the narrator. The narrator’s nature needs no further explanation in the poem. The poet makes use of multiple poetic elements to illustrate the mood of the narrator that is the central theme of the poem. As we proceed along the poem we see more elements of imagery that reflects narrator’s s frustration with his surroundings. We find him speaking about the "yellow fog" which "rubs its back upon the window-panes" and the "yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window panes" (Eliot 1915). He further comments on the "soot that fall s from chimneys" (Eliot 1915). In the later part of the poem the narrator again refers to smoke as he describes the street he walks. These elements of imagery make us understand that the narrator is hazy and unconcerned and never accommodates anything. The narrator different feelings are presented in the poem. His feelings of dissatisfaction and restlessness, however, dominate his mood. Readers understand that the narrator who is getting aged will do things in a different way provided he is given a chance. In the lines 49-54, the narrator reveals the overall boredom he faces in his life. We find him telling that he has "known them all already, known them all-have known the evenings, mornings, afternoons" (Eliot 1915). It seems that the narrator thinks that his life is over and he has nothing more to offer. He continues to make comments of dissatisfaction throughout the poem. He says he is used to "the eyes that fix you in a formulated phrase" and the "arms that are bracleted and whi te and bare" (Eliot 1915). The narrator’s disillusionment of life is also evident in his remarks about time. In lines 24-34, we see him telling that time is there to "meet faces", "murder and create", have a "hundred indecisions" and a "hundred visions and revisions" (Eliot 1915). The narrator is telling this not in an optimistic manner. Readers feel that he is telling that time is plentiful only if we take good advantage of it. The narrators appear to be sure that he has failed to take

Connotations Of Animal Words In English And Chinese Languages Essay

Connotations Of Animal Words In English And Chinese Languages Essay Abstract This paper aims to study the characteristics of different types of animal words in English and Chinese. Because of the close relation between human beings and animals, animal words have been given rich connotations. However, due to the differences of customs, living environments and cultural backgrounds of various nationalities, each nationality has its own understanding about animal words. According to their features, this paper divides animal words into three categories ¼Ã…’one is same animal words, similar connotations, one is same animal words, different connotations, another is different animal words, similar connotations. Whats more, it is to further analyze the translation strategy for each group of animal words and find out a rule for the translation of animal words. Key Words intercultural communication; animal words; difference; connotation; translation strategy 1. Introduction Animal words take over a large amount in English and Chinese. As the result, it is significant to master different meanings of animal words in intercultural communication. 1.1 Research Background With the rapid development of the global world, people have more and more chances to communicate with foreigners. Intercultural communication has become more and more important. It is a common phenomenon in our daily life, which can occur anytime and anywhere just between two people from different countries. Due to the differences of cultures and social backgrounds between the countries, people have diverse understandings toward a same word. A successful intercultural communication demands exact meaning and accurate expression. The animal is closely related to the human beings. In the daily life, people will use large numbers of animal words to express the feelings or describe some situations. Animal words contain large cultural information. As two of the most widely used languages, both Chinese and English are full of animal words which have accumulated abundant connotations as the time passed by. To know the right connotation of an animal word between English and Chinese, we can avoid making mistakes in the process of translation, and avoid misunderstandings in intercultural communication as well. 1.2 Purpose of the Research As Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Samovar said ¼Ã… ¡It is more accurate to say people possess meaning and that words elicit these meanings. We can have different meanings for the same word. All people ¼Ã…’drawing on their backgrounds, decide what a word means(Là ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Aà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢Samovar ¼Ã…’1995 ¼Ã… ¡152). So based on different cultural background, animal words have different connotations. While in intercultural communication, its necessary to understand the connotations of animal words. Meanwhile, the translation is one of the most important activities on intercultural communication. Therefore, in this thesis, the writer wants to study the difference connotations of animal words in English and Chinese and to find out a translation rule for different kinds of animal words. 1.3 Structure of the Paper The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter includes the research background, purpose of the study and the organization of this thesis. In the second chapter, literature review aims at presenting the previous investigations of animal word, which includes the achievements and limitations of past studies of animal words. Then the third chapter discusses the similarities and differences of animal words in English and Chinese. In this chapter, the writer divides animal words into three different categories. The fourth chapter finds out the suitable translation strategies for each kind of animal words. The last chapter draws a conclusion and points out the limitations of the research ¼Ã… ½ 2. Literature Review The history of intercultural communication maybe is as long as the history of human life. The bargains of merchants along the silk road during the Tang Dynasty in China and the immigration of thousands upon thousands of gold-diggers to north America are the instances of intercultural communication(à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¨Ã… ½Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2011 ¼Ã… ¡5). But actually, the systemic study of intercultural communication just started in the United States in the 1950s. Intercultural communication is related to linguistics ¼Ã…’psychology ¼Ã…’praxiology ¼Ã…’sociology, philosophy and so on. In addition, intercultural communication plays a major role in tourists, overseas studies, business and immigrants. The scholars at home have been done many investigations of animal words in English and Chinese from various dimensions. Such as Liao Guangrong (à ¥Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å"†°Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2000) pays more attention to the cultural connotation of the animal word itself. Liu Yingjie(à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‹Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2006) focuses on the linguistics to analyze animal words. The thesis A Comparative Cognitive Analysis of Metaphors in English and Chinese Animal Terms (Di Feng, 2006) studies the animal terms from the stand point of metaphors. He focused on proving the effect of metaphorical competence development to the language enhancement and cultural studying through the study of contemporary metaphor theories and the relationship between the animal terms and cultural. Zhou Datian(2007) analyzes the reasons that cause the different images of animal words in English and Chinese. He points out that these differences are influenced by four features. They are the cul ture, literary quotations about animal words, peoples customs and the mode of production, the sports and entertainment. Meanwhile, he thinks that animal words represent the national characteristic. If we understand and use animal words correctly, we can study and comprehend these two languages better. By reviewing the previous researches in animal words, the author finds that animal words studies on the perspective of the intercultural communication are limited ¼Ã… ½Even there is no paper systematically analyzing the major translations methods of different kinds of animal words that base on intercultural communication. 3. The Similar and Different Connotations of Animal Words in English and Chinese If people dont understand the cultural background of the sentences, it is hard to know the true meaning the speaker wants to express while in intercultural communication. For example, here is a dialogue about the connotation of an animal word. A asks B whether he is ready for the math exam tomorrow. Then B answers that he has got his rabbits foot right here. In this dialogue, the rabbits foot shares the same meaning of good luck and success. If we dont know this background, we would not continue the talking. So it is worthy of studying the similarities and differences of the connotation of animal words so as to avoid the embarrassment in intercultural communication. 3.1 Same Animal Words, Similar Connotations Most animal words contain abundant connotations. However, because of animals nature and traits, they often share the same meaning. The connotation of bull in English and Chinese are similar in accordance with the bad temper of bull. To refer to a person who is stubborn, Chinese and English share some similar expressions. In English, people say Sometimes you can be so bull-headed! While in Chinese, people usually say à §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã¢â‚¬ . And the image of the bee which is busy gathering honey is well-known by people, so we use the bee to praise the industrious and hardworking person both in English and Chinese, e.g. He is as busy as a bee. In addition, living in the similar environment, though people from different culture background, they would share similar understanding about a same animal. Take fox as an example, when the fox refers to a person, it means that the man is cunning or sly. According to Oxford Dictionary, pig is Domestic or wild animal with short legs, cloven hooves and a broad blunt snout (Oxford, 1108). That is the denotation of pig. Actually the imaginary and metaphorical expressions of pig in English and Chinese are alike as well. They both connotes the images of fat, foolish and greedy. In Chinese, à ¨Ã†â€™-à ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªÃƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã…’ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¨Ã‚  Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ §Ã…’ ªare gross words to scold people. In English, there are saying like as fat as a pig , He makes a pig of himself (à ¤Ã‚ »-à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ½) or He has been a pig about money(à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦-  Ãƒ ¥Ã… ½Ã…’). There are others sharing similar connotation, for instance, lock the stable door after the horse has been stolen (à ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ®); fish in troubled waters (à ¦Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¸Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼); Its a good horse that never stumbles(à ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬Å¾) . In short, when in intercultural communication, the similarity of connotative meanings of animal words in English and Chinese can help people make less misunderstanding as possible. 3.2 Same Animal Words, Different Connotations In most cases, the animal word stands for different images in different cultures. Here the author wants to introduce some typical animal words which are remarkably different in different cultures.. 3.2.1 Fish(à ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼) Britain is an island country. The fishery and seafaring are fully developed and they mean a lot to Britain. Thus, many sayings are created according to the sea. For example, British will use a fine kettle of fish to express the things are in the mess or farfetched. Fish in the air is equal to the Chinese phrase à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¦Ã…“ˆ. To have other fish to fry means people have other things to deal with. About the fish in English ,it is also a derogatory word reflected to the bad person, like a poor fish(à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ «); a loose fish(à §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º); a cold fish (à ¥Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ ·Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º). It is very difficult to know the exact meaning without a well understanding about the English culture. So does the Chinese. The fish has the same pronunciation as à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â€ž ¢, so the fish is the symbol of abundance in Chinese. In Spring Festival, people would like to cook a fish as a dish to symbolize a good luck in the next year(the authors translation) (à §Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã…’2003 ¼Ã… ¡17à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 18). It is a special tradition of China which is unique over the world. Many foreigners hear little of it. 3.2.2 Dog(à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-) Dog shares the same denotation in both English and Chinese. But Chinese and English-speaking countries have different attitudes toward dog. To talk about the connotation, these two languages are greatly diverse. In English-spoken countries, people do not just keep dogs for hunting or farming, but also treat them as fellows. The dog always shows a lovely and loyal image in English. By this reason, English people keep taking the dog as humans faithful friend. Here are some expressions of dog : a lucky dog(à ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¿), a clever dog (à ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º), a top dog (à ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ©), every dog has its days ¼Ã… ½(à ¦Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã†â€™Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦- ¶). Opposite to English, when to refer a person of dog, it usually means something bad in Chinese. For instance, the myth à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ã†â€™ means mistaking a good person as bad guy. Most Chinese phrases about à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-are associated with derogatory connotations. It is reflected on the sayings like à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã†â€™Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã… ½, à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¢Ã¢â€ž ¢, à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¤Ã‚ »-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ §Ã…“†¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ½Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¥Ã‹Å" ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¨Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â€ž ¢. While Chinese say someone like a dog or à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã‚ , they are criticizing a person. No Chinese people would like to be called as a dog. T hus we must take special care while translating from English to Chinese. 3.2.3 Dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢) Dragon is of commentary meaning in Chinese. According to the dictionary, dragon is a heroic animal of the ancient Chinese legend, the ancient symbol of the emperor (the authors translation) (à §Ã… ½Ã‚ °Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’816). Dragon is an imaginary animal in China. In Chinese culture dragon occupies a prominent position as it symbolizes auspiciousness, wealth, future and power. We Chinese people call ourselves as descendants of dragon(à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ º). Parents hope their children can be useful and have a bright future like a dragon or a phoenix when they grow up. Ancient people also believed that the dragon was the king of the sea ¼Ã…’was an immortal. Therefore the dragon is always associated with water and heavens. On the contrary, dragon is a derogatory term in English. Though à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ and dragon are both an imaginary animal in China and western countries, they have different appearances. According to the dictionary, the dragon is a mythical monster like a giant reptile. In European tradition the dragon is typically fire-breathing and tends to symbolize chaos or evil (The New Oxford Dictionary of English.2001). Dragon is also considered to be a fierce person, esp. a woman. So obviously, the translator cant translate the dragon word directly from Chinese to English. It will make English people think that it is a curse. 3.3 Different Animal Words, Similar Connotations By the commonness of social lives and customs in China and English-speaking countries, people may use different animal words to represent similar connotations, especially in the idioms. For instance, à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ³Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬ has the same meaning of the black sheep of the family(à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã‚ ¾Ã…  ); à §Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ±Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã…’ can be regarded as love me love my dog; English people would like to say like a rat in the hole to describe a person who is sure to win or troubles are easily to save. But in Chinese ,we prefer to employ à §Ã¢â‚¬Å" ®Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¦Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ©Ã‚ ³-; To refer to hypocritical, in Chinese it would use à §Ã…’ «Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" ­Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  . In English it would use the crocodile tears(à ©Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¼Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã…“ ¼Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã‚ ª); Sell a pig in a poke has the same meaning as à ¦Ã…’‚à §Ã‚ ¾Ã…  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã¢â‚¬ °. There is one more typical examination of this sort. HorseandOx Because of the difference of farming practices, horse and ox play the same role in China and Britain. They are the important instruments for farming, so horse and ox share some similarities in these two counties, even in other western counties. To refer to strong, in Chinese there are expressions like à ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ º. In English, they are equal to as strong as a horse. Hardworking without complain, in Chinese, these person will be called à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ º(à §Ã‚ ½-à ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2010 ¼Ã… ¡2). While in English, they will be said as work like a horse or a willing horse. In other aspect, the man who tells lies would be called à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ §Ã… ¡Ã‚ ®. And he would be called talk horse in English. 4. The Translation of Animal Words in English and Chinese According to Columbia Encyclopedia, Translation is the art of recomposing a work in another language without losing its original flavor (Columbia, qtd. inà ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,2006:40). Our famous scholar Yan Fu defined the standards of the translation as faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance. Generally speaking, it is difficult for translators to translate a word individually without a sentence or a text. They should maintain the right meaning of the source language, and also follow the style of the original texts to keep the coherence of the source texts and the target texts. Translation is often compared to a bridge, which is not just between the source text and the target text but between the author of original text and the reader of the target text(à ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ³Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬ ¦,2006:40 41). The close relation between language and culture determines the close ties of translation and culture. Translation is not just about individual words. The cultural backgrounds and knowledge also play a major role in translation and restrict it. Therefore ¼Ã…’translation is one of intercultural communication activities. The words translation constructs the foundation of intercultural communication(the authors translation) (à §Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ º,2003 ¼Ã… ¡21). 4.1 The Translation Strategy for animal words Sharing Similar Connotation Because the similar understanding of the same animal words in English and Chinese, the reader can easily get the right meaning of the words without the translators explanation. These animal words can be translated into other language directly. In other words, translators can use literal translation on animal words which share the same denotations or the similar connotation. Literal translation refers to translate a sentence originally, keeping the original forms, including construction of sentences, meaning of the original words and metaphor of the original and so on. It can not only reproduce the meaning and frame of language, but also keep its vivid image figure of speech and novel and unique expressive ways so that the readers can comprehend the origins literal grace(à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ , 2011). Here are some examples of using literal translation. There is an English sayings like water off a ducks back to describe a phenomena that the water couldnt stay in the ducks back and all slide off without any trail. It is used to criticize a person whom the suggestions have no effect on. Likewise, there is a same idiom in Chinese which has the same connotation à ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ­Ãƒ ¨Ã†â€™Ã…’. Thus, translators can use literal translation on this saying. Because the image of the rat is timid and disgusting both in English and Chinese, the phrases A lion at home ¼Ã…’a mouse a broad and A rat crossing the street is chased by a11 can be directly translated to à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¶Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã…“ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚   and à ¨Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¡-à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¥-Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å". There are others animal words have similar connotations like black horse(à ©Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ¬), as stupid as an ass(à §Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¥Ã†â€™Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´) and do not be a goose(à ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ «Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦). The literal translation can not only express the same connotations of animal words, but also can remain the language style of the source text better. 4.2 The Translation Strategy for Animal Words Sharing Diverse Connotation It is a good choice to use the free translation to interpret animal words which have same denotations but different connotations in English and Chinese. Only to abandon the denotations can we guarantee that the cultural meaning would be accurately transferred. To take the typical example dragon. As we all know, dragon has a completely opposite images in Chinese and English. So, a Chinese phrase à ¦Ã…“†ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ ­Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ can not be translated literally into expect ones son to become a dragon. In order to avoid misunderstanding, the better translation is to expect ones son to become useful. Out of such consideration,à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ºÃƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ is properly interpreted as the four tigers of Asia ¼Ã… ½But in recent years, with the widespread of Chinese Dragon Culture, some scholars put forward that translator can translate à ©Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â€ž ¢ to Loong to reserve the Chinese cultural characteristic(à ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ·Ã ¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã‚  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’2008 ¼Ã… ¡2). In English, it has an acclaim like you are a lucky dog. But because of the different images of dog in English and Chinese, it will be considered as a curse when is translated to à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹-. If the connotations of one animal word is dissimilar even inconsistent in two languages, the better translation strategy is only to keep the connotation, in other words, to use the free translation. Thus, the sentence you are a lucky dog should be translated into à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚  Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¾Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦Ã‹Å"Ã… ½. 4.3 The Translation Strategy for Different Animal Words Sharing Similar Connotation On the basis of the analysis above, there exists a situation in which different animal words share the similar connotations in English and Chinese. This type of animal words can be substituted by each other. While translating, the translator just needs to find the matched animal words or some idioms to replace it. These are some translation instances from English to Chinese. As the analysis above, the connotations of the lion and tiger are similar. As the result, to place oneself in a lions mouth can be translated to à §Ã‚ ½Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ºÃ‚ «Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã… ½Ãƒ §Ã‚ ©Ã‚ ´. Meanwhile, we would better translate the English idiom kill the goose that laid the golden eggs to à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ µ rather than à ¦Ã‚ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ µ. Beside, it seems no mistake to translate the phrase better be the head of a dog than the tail of a lion to à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦-,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾. Bu t the Chinese may dont understand the connotation of this translation. In addition, a Chinese saying à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ shares the similar meaning with this phrase. Alternatively, we could use à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ©Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ to replace the translation of à ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ §Ã…  Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¦-,à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à §Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ®Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ °Ã‚ ¾ in this phrase. The English to wake a sleeping wolf and the Chinese à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¨Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¦Ã†â€™Ã…  Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¡ both express the inadvertently action making the others awareness and prevention. In this way, these two phrases can interconvert while translating. The purpose of translation is to maintain the cultural meanings of the source texts. It is not suitable to use literal translation or free translation to translate animal words which different ones stand for similar connotation. It is easily to confuse and mislead the readers. The author thinks that the best translation strategy for these animal words is to use the similar connotation words of the target language to substitute the original animal word in source text. It is better to maintain the connotation and the language characteristic of source text as well. 5. Conclusion Animal words contain lots of connotations which are relied on peoples living environment, religion and the animals appearances. Since the close relation between human being and animals, and the various connotations of animal words in English and Chinese, it is really necessary to know the exact meaning of animal words to guarantee intercultural communication go on smoothly. The translation is one important intercultural communication activity. After analyzing animal words connotations, the writer finds that animal words can be divided into three categories according to their own connotation feature. Each group of animal words is suitable for one translation strategy. Translation in English and Chinese, translators can use the literal translation for the same animal words referring to similar meaning, and use the free translation for same animal words referring to different meaning. In addition, translators can use the same meaning animal words to replace when different words share si milar meaning. But this mode is not stationary, the translators must be flexible, they should find the right connotation in the source text based on the writers intention. A successful translation is to express the deep meaning of the source texts through analyzing the whole texts, instead of studying on the surface. By the limited scope of knowledge of the author and insufficient time, this paper just talks about a minimal part of the study of animal words and refers to only three major translation strategies. There are more animal words which cannot be listed and discussed here one by one. But the author hopes this thesis can be helpful for the further research of animal words.

Hurricane Katrina: A Man-made Disaster Essay -- Emergency Management E

At 7:10 EDT on August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina made landfall, etching lasting memories of those living in and around the New Orleans, Louisiana. It was this day that Hurricane Katrina came ashore and caused what was to be thought as one of the â€Å"most destructive storm in terms of economic losses† ("Hurricane Katrina —," 2007) of all times. Who was to be blamed for the failure in emergence management response and preparation, no one seemed to know or understand. Those left in the wake of this disaster could only stand by and wonder who was at fault, what preparation were to be in place and why wasn’t there a quicker response to help the hundreds of thousands that needed immediate aid and disaster assistance. Failures of the Katrina Disaster According to Howard Dean "Before Katrina, everyone, including America's friends and enemies, believed if something awful happened in the world, you could call in the Americans and they'd fix it" (Dean, 2008). These were the thoughts of Howard Dean and many others as they looked back on President Bush’s legacy of eight years in office. But, was he the only one to blame or should we also look at the chain of command up and down that was responsible for the proper actions that should have been taken? In the corporate world it is believed that if things fail then the blame should be placed on the president or the chief executive office (CEO) of the company because of their responsibility within the corporation, but is that fair? The failure of Katrina was long before written in the failure through the inefficiency of the local, state and federal government when it came to emergence management preparation. Arnold Howitt and Herman Leonard stated in their article, Katrina and the Core Ch... ...s, Louisiana. Works Cited Haddow, G. D., Bullock, J. A., & Coppola, D. P. (2010).Introduction to emergency management. (4th ed., pp. 1-26). Burlington, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann. Howitt, A. M., & Leonard, H. B. (2006). Katrina and the core challenges of disaster response. The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, 30:1 winter 2006. (2005). Frontline "the storm". (2009). [Web Video]. Retrieved from http://video.pbs.org/video/1555897742/ Dean, H. (2008). Hurricane Katrina left a mark on George W. Bush’s presidency. U.S. News & World Report, Retrieved from http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/11/hurricane-katrina-left-a-mark-on-george-w-bushs-presidency. (2007). Hurricane Katrina — most destructive hurricane ever to strike the u.s. national Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S. Department of Commerce, Retrieved from http://www.katrina.noaa.gov/